Henry A. Murray Personology - 1969 Words

Henry A. Murray: Personology Personology is the science of people. It is used to interpret and organize the lives of humans. The central ideas of the science must be to understanding of what we mean by the concept person, and for development of methods of understanding the lives of persons as the long unit for psychology (Barresi Juckes 1988 pg 1). It is important to take accounts when studying personology from first person perspective instead of a third person perspective. Henry A. Murray believed that personality psychology had to deal with the life course of person and came up with the word personology (Barresi Juckes 1988). He developed the phrase because he felt that personality psychology was an unwieldy phrase.†¦show more content†¦It has a selfish instinct, an acceptable instinct such as a need for love, achievement, and to be nurtured, and tension reduction is pleasurable. The Ego has defensive functions. It also has promoted expressions of acceptable impulses. Some of the ego functioning ca n be conflict free. The Superego has more emphasis on the Ego-Ideal. The natural tendency of the superego is to get the maximum gratification with minimum anxiety and guilt (Henry Murray: Personology). According to Murray there are two types of Needs: Viscerogenic (internal source) and Psychogenic needs (external source or press).Needs are arranged according to their hierarchy of strength. The strongest of the needs are called Prepotent needs. If needed needs will combine to achieve the same goal. Needs can conflict with one another. According to Murray needs are based on internal influences on behavior. External behaviors are called press. There is an Alpha press and a Beta press. The Alpha Press is the objective characteristic of an object in that environment in comparison with Beta press which is a persons evaluation and perception of that object. Viscerogenic needs include lacks(leading to intakes), Inspiration(of oxygen), food, water, sex lactation, expiration, urination, defecation, sentience(sensuous impressions), distensions(leading to outputs), harms(leading to retractions), noxavoidance, heat and cold avoidance, and harmShow MoreRelatedEssay on Henry A. Murray: Persono logy1888 Words   |  8 Pages Henry A. Murray: Personology nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Personology is the science of people. It is used to interpret and organize the lives of humans. The central ideas of the science must be to â€Å"understanding of what we mean by the concept â€Å"person,† and for development of methods of understanding the lives of persons as the â€Å"long unit for psychology†Ã¢â‚¬  (Barresi amp; Juckes 1988 pg 1). It is important to take accounts when studying personology from first person perspective instead of a thirdRead MoreMaslows and Murrays theories1064 Words   |  5 Pageselement cannot be separated from its system in order to study it. Two of the organismic theorists have developed theories to understand humans’ psychological developments through their needs: Abraham Maslow, with his hierarchy of needs theory; and Henry Murray, and his psychogenic needs theory. They both focused on developing their theories to understand human personality and its development. However dissimilarities are fo und between the two theories, they both share the concept of having steps of developmentsRead MoreEssay about Comparison and Contrast of Maslow and Murray1912 Words   |  8 PagesOrganismic theorists Abraham Maslow and Henry Murray tried to define the psychological developmental growth of humans via their theories of Hierarchy of Needs and Psychogenic Needs, respectively. Although each personality theorist’s idea attempts to define human psychological development there are quite a few dissimilarities between the two concepts; however, as much dissimilarity that may exist between the hierarchy of needs and psychogenic needs, both Maslow and Murray endeavored towards the same goal:Read MorePsychology : Your Super Ego 1092 Words   |  5 PagesConscientiousness is linked to higher GPA, religious faith, quality friendships, and dressing neatly. A recent study showed that more conscientious adolescents to experience stress. Personology and life story perspectives believe that in order to understand a person we must focus on their whole life story. Henry Murray believed that we must study the whole person in order to understand them. He believed we all have unique life experiences that make up our identities. The social cognitive perspective

Petrol Retail Sector Free Essays

string(40) " only react to the market fluctuations\." Abstract The oil industry is a very important part or sector of the world economy and should be developed and taken care of in an appropriate manner. It is certainly one retail sector that has had considerable changes and development in its core business. The industry has continually gained popularity and attracted a lot of interest, which has consequently contributed greatly to the development of economies of the countries that deal in it. We will write a custom essay sample on Petrol Retail Sector or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper gives the macro-environmental analysis and the market research of the oil industry by utilizing the PESTEL model. However, it is the responsibility of the government to ensure that it creates a favorable environment for the smooth operation of the industry. Introduction The petrol retail sector is certainly one retail sector that has had considerable changes and development in its core business. In recent years, the petroleum industry has attracted a lot of interest. This is an industry that contributes greatly to the development of economies of the countries that deal in it (Fleig, 2005, p89). In the past decade, increases in the price of the commodity brought about a big challenge for the retailers of service stations to run lucrative, sustainable and practical businesses, as the increase in the prices resulted to negative impacts on the volume of sales. The industry’s new entrants and new competition presented by some other retail businesses made changes in the industry necessary. The industry of petroleum has seen the introduction of new businesses at the service stations for the purposes of generating income for the business so as to ensure that there is viability and productivity (Sobel 2008, p42). The propagation of service stations, c ontrolled margins of retailer on volume performance and petrol has all brought concern regarding the individual service station’s survival. The economical effects of the fluctuations in the price crude oil have ultimately affected the retailers as well as motorists. The United Kingdom’s price of petrol depends exclusively on the conditions of the international market. This industry is faced with various challenges and changes. The future uncertainty and unpredictability of the exhaustible resources’ supply, such as crude oil influences the price of the crude oil that the global market experiences (Bushell and Stan 2009, p71). Therefore, the demand for energy puts more pressure on the price as the global economy grows faster. The uncertainty about whether the deregulation of the industry of liquid fuel brings a new dimension to the future of the industry. Some of the giant retailers in the industry include Total, the Royal Dutch Shell, ConocoPhilips and Chevron. This paper is going to look at the risk factors associated with the supply of crude oil derivatives like petrol to the West Dulwich shell filling st ation in London. PESTEL Analysis PESTEL analysis, which stands for Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal, is a description of a framework of the macro-environmental factors that are used in the component of environmental scanning of the strategic management. It is part of the analysis of the external environment when carrying out a market research or doing a strategic analysis, and offers an insight into the various macro-environmental factors that should be taken into account by the organization or company (Fleig 2005, p44) It is a fundamental strategic tool that helps in the understanding of the decline or growth of the market, the position of business and operations direction. The increasing significance of ecological or environmental factors in the initial or early years of the twenty first century have introduced green businesses and facilitated extensive use of an up-to-date version of the framework of the model. The following is the PESTEL analysis of the supply of crude oil de rivatives like petrol to the West Dulwich shell filling station in London: Political effects Crude is among the most needed commodities allover the world. Any amount of change in the price of crude oil can lead to both direct and indirect impact on its derivatives, and consequently on the countries’ economy. The OPEC countries are the principal producers of the crude oil that is used worldwide. Therefore, it means that any policy that is made by the organization or some countries within the organization regarding the prices of crude oil will greatly affect the supply of petrol and diesel to the service station (Sobel, 2008, p.34). Any decision taken by the countries within the organization, for instance raising or reducing the prices of crude oil may definitely affect the level of price of the petrol and diesel in the global community markets. Political stability within the countries that produce crude oil is also essential to its availability and also influences its prices to a great deal. For instance, a lot of the crude oil is produced by the countries in the Middle East, and if there is conflict in the region, the drilling of oil will be affected. Lack of political stability such as war or terrorism in the Greenwich region, and even pirates might make it difficult for the products to reach the petrol station due to fear by the suppliers, or even damage to the tankers. Economic effects Demand and supply is balanced by the global oil inventories. If the production of crude oil exceeds its demand, the surplus product can be kept. When the consumption is higher than the demand for the product, then inventories can be tapped so as to be in a position of meeting the rise in demand, and the connection between the prices of oil and the inventories of oil enables correction in both directions (Risk Analysis in Oil Refining Sector, 2008). The supply of crude oil by countries that are not members of OPEC stands at sixty percent of the total oil produced in the world. However, even though their supply is fifty percent more that that of the OPEC community, they do not have adequate reserves to enable them control the prices in the market and can only react to the market fluctuations. You read "Petrol Retail Sector" in category "Essay examples" On the other hand, the OPEC community has the ability of directly influencing the price of crude oil in the market. This is particularl y when the supply of the oil that is produced by the countries that are not members of the community goes down. When the demand for petrol and diesel is high in the Greenwhich region, there will be scramble for available oil thus reducing the supply. This problem can be solved by building adequate reserves for storing the product so that the supply to clients can remain steady when the supply from the source reduces. The cost of production is also another important factor in determining the price of oil within the global market. If the cost of extracting oil and its eventual refining is too high, it means that the prices will also go high, but if it does not cost much to produce it, the prices will go down significantly. It also requires a lot of finances and resources to discover more oil locations and to develop as well as maintain them. If the funds and resources are available, there would be more discoveries of oil production sites and the quantity produces and supplied to the final consumer will be large (Simmons, 2005, p.23). If there are no funds together with the resources to enable expansion of the production, the supply will go down and the prices will rise, thus making it difficult for the service station to acquire it. The brokers of oil servers the link between sellers and buyers of the product, and do contract trading for future oil delivery referred to as ‘futures.’ Consumers buy futures for hedging against the increases in the prices of oil that could considerably impact their profitability. Producers of oil sell the contracts of oil futures so as to lock in a price for a particular period and the brokers buy oil futures to give promise of future delivery of the product as a given price. This implies that the oil brokers play a significant role in determining the price of oil in the global market because they are the link between the buyers and the sellers (Anderson and Marhadour, 2007, p.102). Social effects Human populations in the region can also affect the supply because the demand will be high. The population in the Greenwich region is too high and the demand for petrol and diesel may raise, hence the supply decreasing (Fleig, 2005, p.65). Frequent strikes by the tanker drives may also affect the supply because there will be no one to bring the products to the service station. The need to observe laws such us the employment of high qualified, and not to employ underage drivers, but who may be qualified may lead to lack of enough drivers to do the work of transportation. The law also sets a minimum wage for the workers and this would affect the supply of petrol and diesel because there might not be enough funds to employ many drivers to transport the products. Technological effects The world of today depends almost exclusively on technology, and exercises such as the drilling of oil requires high levels of it. The equipment used for the process is very sophisticated as they are required to dig deep into the ground and fetch the oil. The oil companies also need to ensure that proper equipment are put in place to avoid things such a soil spillage which can be hazardous to the environment and also cause losses (Anderson and Marhadour, 2007, p.108). This equipment are very expensive and the oil companies are forced to use a lot of money to ensure that all the technological requirements are employed so that production can be enhances and risks reduced as much as possible. When all these production costs are factored in the whole process of production, the final price in the market becomes high. The need to have the latest technology at the service stations such as epos automation systems raises the cost of operation. Environmental effects In the few past years, the international community has experiences a number of events that have consequently had great influence on the prices of crude oil. Such events include the Hurricane Katrina and some other kinds of tropical cyclone that have struck a significant part of the globe. This resulted in the prices of oil going up by a very huge percentage, which makes it difficult to acquire it in large quantities. Excessive drilling of oil by some oil companies has led to the exhaustion of the sources as well as environmental degradation. This has led to some governments such as that of the United States of America and United Kingdom to prohibiting the exploration in some regions (Black, 2012, p.82). The major aim of these policies is to preserve the resources so as to ensure that there is continuity or sustainability. When these policies are put in place, the quantity of oil produced reduces, thus demand exceeding supply, which consequently forces the prices to go up. Nonetheless, these policies that are introduced by the governments, which aims at limiting the extraction of oil exerts a lot of pressure on the companies that produce oil to not only finding ways of increasing efficiency, but also finding alternative sources of fuel. These initiatives are very slow and difficult because of the considerable financing required energy and time that go into things like researching and production of such products. More so, when an alternative sources of energy is introduced into the market, there is a substantial time lag in which the designing and production of new products that are compatible is done (Beamish, 2006, p.88). It then can take even more time for the clients to know about the existence or availability of the products and be willing to make investments in them. Extreme weather conditions also affect the production of the crude oil. For instance, when there is a lot of rain, it becomes very difficult to access the sites of oil drilling. The machines that are used in the process of drilling oil might also be damaged by the unfavorable weather or their operation may just be affected. This makes it difficult for the crude oil to be produced in large quantities, thus forcing the prices to rise (Bushell, and Stan, 2009). Legal effects Different countries have different requirements for one to be allowed to start and operate a business. The same case applies to the ownership of a service station as well as the oil companies. If the requirements by the government are too strict, there will be a few suppliers in the market, and in turn the price of fuel will rise (Assilzadeh, and Yang, 2010, p.240). Conclusion The oil industry is a very important part or sector of the world economy that should be developed and taken care of in an appropriate manner. Problems such as strikes should be avoided by timely payment so that supply can remain steady. The company should invest in the latest technology that is related to the business to ensure fast delivery of petrol and diesel. Proper plans should also be put in place to ensure that the costs of production and operation of oil companies are reduces and the legal requirements made as flexible as possible. To avoid shortages in supply due to political factors, the company should not depend on a single source of supply, specifically from the OPEC countries. This problem can also help by ensuring that the Greenwich region is safe for any kind of business and the petrol station should also consider using oil pipelines as opposed to tankers. References (2008, 12). Risk Analysis in Oil Refining Sector. StudyMode.com. Retrieved 12, 2008, from http://www.studymode.com/essays/Risk-Analysis-In-Oil-Refining-Sector-185467.html Akkartal, A., and F. Sunar, 2008, ‘The usage of radar images in oil spill detection. The International Archives of the Photgrammetry.’ Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences 37, no. Part B8: 271-76. Anderson, A, and Marhadour A, 2007, ‘Slick PRThe media politics of the Prestige oil spill.’ Science Communication 29, no. 1: 96-115. Assilzadeh, H, and Yang G, 2010, ‘Designation of an interactive oil spill management system.’ Disaster Prevention and Management 19, no. 2: 233-42. Beamish, T D, 2006, Silent Spill: The Organization of an Industrial Crisis. London: MIT Press. Black, B C, 2012, Crude Reality: Petroleum in World History. New York: Rowman Littlefield. Bushell, S, and Stan J, 2009, The Spill: Personal Stories from the Exxon Valdez Disaster. AK: Epicenter Press. Fleig, F, 2005, Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia (Harvard Historical Studies). Harvard University Press. Simmons, S, 2005, Twilight in the Desert The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy, John Wiley Sons. Sobel R, 2008, The Money Manias: The Eras of Great Speculation in America, Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press (Rowman Littlefield). Yeomans, M, 2006, Oil: Anatomy of an Industry, New Press. How to cite Petrol Retail Sector, Essay examples

Brand Management Retailing in International Markets

Question: Discribe about the Brand Management for Retailing in International Markets. Answer: Introduction Brand strategy is a long-term strategy for developing a successful brand for achieving specific goals. A brand strategy of an organization helps in reinforcing positioning in the market (Lerman 2013). The aim of this report is to compare two global consumer brands of retail and technology categories. A general contrast and comparison is made between the two brands. The brand equity, cultural resonance and competitive strategy of both the brands are considered. The two organizations chosen for formulating a brand marketing strategy are Apple and Tesco. Apple was founded in the year 1976 as a major technological advancement (Lusted 2012). It is an American multinational corporation that designs and manufactures consumer electronics such as desktops, laptops, tablet, mobiles and various other gadgets (Lusted 2012). Tesco Plc is a British retail grocery and general merchandise retailer with a mission of helping the customers enjoy better quality of life. They help the shoppers everyday t o meet the needs of people and act responsibly for the communities (Tesco plc 2016). Brand Analysis Brand Equity According to the figures, the brand value of Apple in the year 2015 was $M 246,992 (Wpp.com 2015). The brand value changed 67% than the figures of 2014 (Wpp.com 2015). The home country, America had the biggest market for Apple (Popper 2015). However, according to the reports, Greater China showed a positive growth up to 71% in the year 2015 (Popper 2015). The Chinese New Year celebration led to rise in such figures in China (Popper 2015). The reports suggest that Tesco is UKs top retail store. However, according to the annual BrandZ index, Tescos brand value declined to $9.4 million in the year 2015 (Davidson 2015). Tesco is one of the biggest supermarkets in UK (Davidson 2015). Consumer Cultural Resonance According to perceptions and history, China has not been the friendliest country for American brands. Apple is selling its products at a greater price in China instead of cheaper. Chinese have a cost-conscious culture but they are making room for the unique Apple products due to its quality (Panzarino 2011). The lifestyle of Malaysians for shopping is ever growing. The tools of advertising are well advertised by the retailers. Therefore, the retailers intend to understand the needs of Malaysians and provide a unique shopping experience to the customers (Chan 2011). Brand Positioning Apple follows a single brand positioning as a luxury brand in the global market with one size fits all strategy (Hovivian 2014). It has tightly controlled narrative, metered supply and premium pricing makes it a premium brand globally (Frick and Berinato 2014). India is the worlds second large smartphone market in which Apple uses premium brand positioning. The one strategy fits all market model is applied in which the main challenge is to lock more consumers. There is a need to strengthen the distribution network in smaller cities. There is a delicate balance of premium branding with customer-friendly pricing (Rai 2013). Tesco is a brand for the consumers looking for value and who are greatly quality conscious. Tesco offers a wide range of products and attracts a specific customer segment. The organization also positions itself as price positioning by attracting specific target segments. Products sold via functional positioning are generally more expensive compared to Tescos basic range of products, since higher quality and enhanced functionality can only be achieved for additional costs (Perkins 2015). Competitive Strategy Apple follows premium pricing strategy and product differentiation. Apple uses minimum advertised price or MAP for prohibiting sellers to sell Apple products below a certain minimum price. In China, Apple follows cost innovation and product innovation for maintaining competition (Nielson 2014). According to Perkins (2015), Tesco does not have a material leg up on its peers. The competitors have a strong hold in the market. However, its loyalty programs are a significant advantage over other competitors. The convenient locations of the stores are add-ons. It runs campaigns for fresh and easy food that helps them in gaining advantage. PESTLE Analysis Apple Inc. Political Apple is mostly dependent in China for the manufacturing of lower cost materials (Sandoval 2015). However, there has been threat of restricting the imports in the US from China as a mark of an effort by the US Government to boost the manufacturing process within the country. Moreover, the cost of finding alternatives of the low cost Chinese products could be very high for the company. Thus, this political unrest could increase the cost of manufacturing within the country. Economic There has been evidence of the increase in the labor costs in China which could act as one of the threats for Apple that could take way the cost advance of some of the products of the company (David, Dorn and Hanson 2013). Moreover, the increment in the strength of the US Dollars in the market could increase in the exchange rates which in turn, could be more expensive for the company to conduct business in the Chinese market. Social The close association of the company with China could also offend the potential customers in the country if the tensions in the country rises (Liu and Berkowitz 2014). Moreover, the manufacturing of the products of Apple in China could give rise to ethical concerns which could limit appeal of the products of the company among the social conscious consumers. Technological With the rolling out of the Android play with the Apple play having the same capabilities, then signature services of Apple are found to be no longer unique such that the competitors of the company including Samsung and Google have stronger capabilities to duplicate the services and products of Apple (Rempel 2015). Environment One of the biggest issues that the company has been facing is the environmental issue related to the disposal of the non working or used electronic devices (Cole 2015). Moreover, the pollution and the related environment side effects are also the main concerns is the manufacturing facilities in China. This situation could lead to higher manufacturing costs and increased regulation for Apple at the near future. Legal Apple is dependent on a wide variety of products for much of its income including music and software which are governed by the intellectual property laws. Moreover, its financial service sector, Apple Pay is highly regulated and thus, entering into the Chinese market could increase the insurance, regulatory and litigation costs for the company in the long run (Liu, Kauffman and Ma 2015). Tesco Plc Political Tesco is operating in a globalized platform where the business performs of the company has been highly influenced by the legislative and political conditions of the countries in which it is operating including Malaysia and other EU countries (Alexander 2013). The government of the countries has been encouraging the retailers for providing job opportunities in order to meet the demand from the population inclined the students, senior citizens and working individuals. Economic The economic factor is one of the major concerns for the company as it is most likely to influence the demand, profits, costs and prices for the company. The developing countries like Malaysia have been experiencing the high un-employability which is decreasing the demand of the various products or goods and has been adversely affecting the demand of the same in the market (Awang et al. 2015). Social The current trends indicate that the customers are preferring bulk shopping and one stop purchasing owing to a variety of social changes (Fernie 2013). As the population in Malaysia is aging rapidly, the decline in the home meal preparation and the increase in the female workers have lead the company to focus on the supply chain, share of business mix and other operational improvements for driving the costs out of the business. Technological One of the major macro-environment variables for the company is the technology that has been influencing the development of its products. In order to make the shopping experience more soothing for its customers, the company has been utilizing the latest technology wireless devices, self check out machine, intelligent scale, electronic shelf labelling and Radio frequency identification (Chapagain and Ahokangas 2015). Environment The company has been pressing emphasis on the global warming and the related consequences being associated with it. With the average temperature around the globe being increasing exponentially, the company needs to emphasize on an eco-friendly business practices which could lead it to higher environmental sustainability (O'Neill and Smith 2014). Thus, in order to implement the same, the company has been implementing various measures with the main objective to protect the environment. Legal As the company markets a wide variety of predicts and services, there are a number of laws governing the business processes of the company. According to the FRC (Food Retailing Commission), the company should be implementing a code of practice including the banning of the current practices such as changing agreed prices, demanding payments from the suppliers as well (Ward, A.M., Judith and Hamill 2013). The company has also been offering price reduction on fuel purchases such that to implement the politically correct pricing policies in the countries like Malaysia. Brand Strategy and Recommendations Certain factors reduce the performance of Apple. There is aggressive competition in the market. Apple needs to have strong fundamentals for retaining its position in the market. The local and regional firms imitate Apples products that could be a threat to the product design. The rising cost in China can reduce the profit margins and increase costs. Apple has a significant opportunity for its distribution of network. An expanded strategy can help in reaching more customers in the same time. Apple can consider exploring new product lines that can lead to their success. Developing new product lines can lead to company success despite aggressive competition. Apple can consider introducing new product lines and quality for the middle class consumers who prefer low priced goods. Apple currently targets only the premium segment consumers. It can also extend its product lines for the economical customers. Be obsessed with the user experience. The company must make the product look good inside and out (in design conception, this can mean starting with the look feel). The user experience needs a healthy combination between aesthetics and functionality. Apple does not use promotional programs for advertising. It should use programs that can help in differentiating its products from others while maintaining premium prices. Apple can also enhance its reach through direct stores. Tesco can consider expanding its retail stores by opening convenience stores. These stores can be opened at every few kilometres. Tesco can set up and invest small stores and online sales stores. Each convenience store can be opened with a wide selection of items that would offer ease and convenience to the consumers. The convenience stores can help in overtaking the supermarket concept. Tesco can gain customer loyalty and increase its sales. Tesco can focus on non-food products to hold a dominant position on the market. Tesco can also encourage online shopping to shift according to the consumer tastes and preferences. Tesco makes sure that it satisfies all the requirements and prospects of its customers. Conclusion Conclusively, Apple and Tesco must plan strategies for efficient branding. The lifestyle of Malaysians for shopping is ever growing. Tesco Plc is a British retail grocery and general merchandise retailer with a mission of helping the customers enjoy better quality of life. The tools of advertising are well advertised by the retailers. Apple follows one strategy fits all market model in which the main challenge is to lock more consumers. Tesco is a brand for the consumers looking for value and who are greatly quality conscious. Apple is mostly dependent in China for the manufacturing of lower cost materials. The close association of the company with China could also offend the potential customers in the country if the tension in the country rises. One of the biggest issues that the company has been facing is the environmental issue related to the disposal of the non working or used electronic devices. Apple can consider introducing new product lines and quality for the middle class co nsumers who prefer low priced goods. Tesco can set up and invest small stores and online sales stores. Tesco makes sure that it satisfies all the requirements and prospects of its customers. References Alexander, N., 2013. Retailing in international markets, 19002010: A response to Godley and Hang's Globalisation and the evolution of international retailing: A comment on Alexander's British overseas retailing, 19001960. Business History, 55(2), pp.302-312. Awang-Hashim, R., Lim, H.E., Yatim, B., TENGKU ARIFFIN, T.F., Zubairi, A.M., Yon, H. and Osman, O., 2015. Estimating A Prediction Model For The Early Identification Of Low Employability Graduates In Malaysia. The Singapore Economic Review, 60(04), p.1550027. Chan, R., 2011.Mall Culture and Identity in Malaysia - The Socjourn. [online] The Socjourn. Available at: https://www.sociology.org/mall-culture-identity-malaysia/ [Accessed 4 Jul. 2016]. Chapagain, B. and Ahokangas, P., 2015. RETAIL BUSINESS MODEL TRANSFORMATION IN MULTICHANNEL ENVIRONMENT. Cole, N.L., 2015. 19 Tracing the Environmental Impact of Apple. Media Education for a Digital Generation, p.261. David, H., Dorn, D. and Hanson, G.H., 2013. The China syndrome: Local labor market effects of import competition in the United States. The American Economic Review, 103(6), pp.2121-2168. Davidson, L., 2015.Aldi's brand is now worth more than Tesco's. [online] Telegraph.co.uk. Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/11632767/Aldis-brand-is-now-worth-more-than-Tescos.html [Accessed 4 Jul. 2016]. Fernie, J., 2013. Distribution strategies of European retailers. Logistics Information Management. Frick, W. and Berinato, S., 2014.Apple: Luxury Brand or Mass Marketer?. [online] Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://hbr.org/2014/10/apple-luxury-brand-or-mass-marketer [Accessed 2 Jul. 2016]. Hovivian, F., 2014.Globalization: Apples One-Size-Fits-All Approach - Brand Quarterly. [online] Brand Quarterly. Available at: https://www.brandquarterly.com/globalization-apples-one-size-fits-approach [Accessed 2 Jul. 2016]. Lerman, S., 2013.Building Better Brands: A Comprehensive Guide to Brand Strategy and Identity Development. New York: Wiley. Liu, J., Kauffman, R.J. and Ma, D., 2015. Competition, cooperation, and regulation: Understanding the evolution of the mobile payments technology ecosystem. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 14(5), pp.372-391. Liu, Z. and Berkowitz, D., 2014. Where is our Steve Jobs? A case study of consumerism and neo-liberal media in China. Journalism, 15(8), pp.1006-1022. Lusted, M., 2012.Apple. Minneapolis, MN: ABDO Pub. Nielson, S., 2014.Apple's premium pricing strategy and product differentiation - Market Realist. [online] Marketrealist.com. Available at: https://marketrealist.com/2014/02/apples-premium-pricing-strategy-product-differentiation/ [Accessed 4 Jul. 2016]. O'Neill, S.J. and Smith, N., 2014. Climate change and visual imagery. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 5(1), pp.73-87. Panzarino, M., 2011.How Apple has found success in China, and why it's just the beginning.. [online] The Next Web. Available at: https://thenextweb.com/apple/2011/09/05/how-apple-has-found-success-in-china-and-why-its-just-the-beginning/#gref [Accessed 2 Jul. 2016]. Panzarino, M., 2011.How Apple has found success in China, and why it's just the beginning.. [online] The Next Web. Available at: https://thenextweb.com/apple/2011/09/05/how-apple-has-found-success-in-china-and-why-its-just-the-beginning/#gref [Accessed 2 Jul. 2016]. Perkins, K., 2015. Tesco Has No Competitive Advantage, say Analysts. [online] MorningstarUK. Available at: https://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/news/141071/tesco-has-no-competitive-advantage-say-analysts.aspx [Accessed 4 Jul. 2016]. Popper, B., 2015.Apple's second biggest market is now China, not Europe. [online] The Verge. Available at: https://www.theverge.com/2015/4/27/8505063/china-is-now-apples-second-biggest-market [Accessed 2 Jul. 2016]. Rai, S., 2013.In India, Apple is facing the classic dilemma of pricing vs. brand image - TechRepublic. [online] TechRepublic. Available at: https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/asian-technology/in-india-apple-is-facing-the-classic-dilemma-of-pricing-vs-brand-image/ [Accessed 2 Jul. 2016]. Rempel, J., 2015. Comparing the Accessibility and Screen Enhancement Features of Google Android Lollipop 5.0 and Apple iOS 8.1. 1 for People with Low Vision. Sandoval, M., 2015. Foxconned labour as the dark side of the information age: working conditions at Apples contract manufacturers in China. In Marx in the Age of Digital Capitalism (pp. 350-395). Brill. Tesco plc, 2016.Core Purpose and Values. [online] Tesco plc. Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/about-us/core-purpose-and-values/ [Accessed 4 Jul. 2016]. Ward, A.M., Judith, W. and Hamill, P., 2013. Evolution of Corporate Governance Reports in the UK and Ireland. In Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility (pp. 1111-1120). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Wpp.com, 2015.Apple reclaims title of worlds most valuable brand - WPP. [online] Wpp.com. Available at: https://www.wpp.com/wpp/press/2015/may/27/apple-overtakes-google-for-the-top-spot-in-the-10th-annual-brandz-top-100-brands-ranking/ [Accessed 2 Jul. 2016].